U.S. Army Air Forces Boeing B-17 bombers fly in formation en route to a target in Germany. Enemy fighters and antiaircraft fire took a heavy toll on the airmen aboard.

The Borkum Island Massacre and Trial

By William R. Hogan

On August 4, 1944, a Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress heavy bomber, tail number 43-37909, so new that it did not have a nickname or nose art yet, took off from England on a bombing run over Germany that would end in a crash landing on Borkum Island in the North Sea. Read more

Private SNAFU

By Peter Zablocki

Bumbling Army Private Snafu was the title character of a series of 26 short cartoons sanctioned by the U.S. Read more

Cape Matapan Triumph

By David H. Lippman

It was called “rodding,” and it was a complex manual procedure used by British cryptographers at Hut Eight in the Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park to decipher Italian Naval Enigma coded messages. Read more

An 1804 political cartoon lampoons President Thomas Jefferson for his unsuccessful attempt to include West Florida in the Louisiana Purchase.

The Florida Annexation

By Peter Kross

Almost a decade after winning the Revolutionary War against Great Britain, the youthful United States was determined to expand its territorial boundaries and become a truly continental nation. Read more

Allan Pinkerton

By Clark Larsen

“Early in the year 1861, I was at my headquarters in the city of Chicago, attending to the manifold duties of my profession. Read more

Greg Lewis’ ‘The Nazi Ghost Train’

By Kevin Seabrooke

As the Allies approached Brussels, Belgium, in early September 1944, the occupying Nazi SS decided, as a parting act of vengeance, to load up more than 1,400 members of the Resistance, Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents, and Allied airmen onto a train bound for the Neuengamme concentration camp. Read more

Charles Lachman’s ‘They Shall Not See the Dawn’

By Kevin Seabrooke

After the Führer’s death by suicide on April 30, 1945, the clock was ticking for the U.S. Army’s Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) to round up the Nazi henchmen before they vanished, or worse, attempted to continue following Hitler’s twisted vision and retaliate with hidden weapons—something the fanatical Hitler Youth leader Arthur Axmann was actively planning when he was arrested in December 1945. Read more