scotland
Robert the Bruce, self-proclaimed King of the Scots, grasped his axe as the heavily armored English nobleman, a member of the vanguard of the 20,000-strong English army, bore down upon him, lance leveled and clods of earth arching from his charger’s hoofs. Read more
scotland
For many history buffs, the date 1066 conjures up an image of Norman knights breaking through the shield wall of the ax-wielding Anglo-Saxons at Senlac Hill. Read more
scotland
By the latter part of the 15th century, armor worn by knights in the field had reached its pinnacle. Read more
scotland
The English commander, William de Aumale, heard the roar of the Scots army even before it appeared out of the early morning mists. Read more
scotland
To the people of the Scottish Highlands the Battles of the previous year had seemed a distant concern. Read more
scotland
When the Duke of Monmouth began his doomed, quixotic march across southern England in the summer of 1685, one of the few volunteers to join him from royal-dominated London was a 24-year-old hosiery merchant and trader named Daniel Defoe. Read more
scotland
Flanking movements were long known to English military commanders, but traditionally they were limited to maneuvers by one wing around an enemy’s line—not by the entire army itself, which would have been considered highly unorthodox and far too risky. Read more
