napoleonic war

Carnage at Bussaco

By Simon Rees

Tired, battered, and bruised, the Spaniards had put up a brave fight, but the enemy had proven too powerful. Read more

napoleonic war

Masterstroke at Friedland

By Coley Cowan

Friedland was burning. The darkening sky of late afternoon on June 14, 1807, was deepened further by the ashes swirling in the narrow streets. Read more

napoleonic war

French Collapse at Maida

By Simon Rees

The soldiers of the French 1st Light Infantry surged forward toward the double line of the British Light Battalion. Read more

napoleonic war

Painter and Witness Francisco De Goya

By Roy Morris Jr.

When French troops invaded Spain in the spring of 1808, one of the most captivated onlookers was neither a soldier nor a diplomat, but a painter—albeit, one of surpassing genius. Read more