![With a Christian cross prominently displayed at left, Charles Martel’s Frankish forces beat back Muslim invaders at Tours in Charles Steuben’s 19th-century painting.](https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/M-Tours-LEAD-4C-Dec10-760x651.jpg)
December 2010
Military Heritage
Charles The Hammer At Tours
By William E. WelshIn the late spring of ad 732, an 80,000-man-strong Muslim army spilled northward through gaps in the western Pyrenees onto the verdant, gently rolling landscape of Gascony. Read more